Which of the following factors does NOT typically influence election outcomes?

Weather conditions on election day are not typically a significant factor influencing the overall outcome of elections. While poor weather might affect voter turnout in specific areas, it does not have a substantial impact on broader voting trends or results across an entire election. On the other hand, factors such as party identification, campaign strategies, and national issues play substantial roles in shaping voters' decisions and can significantly influence election outcomes.

Party identification can drive voting behavior as it aligns individuals with specific ideologies and candidate choices. Campaign strategies directly affect how candidates communicate their messages and connect with voters, thus influencing their chances of winning. National issues often dominate the political landscape and can sway public opinion, thereby impacting how people vote. These elements are essential in understanding the dynamics of electoral behavior, whereas weather conditions are more incidental and have a much more limited effect.