Which statement best encapsulates Tocqueville's view on political parties?

Tocqueville's view on political parties reflects a nuanced understanding of their role within a democratic society. He recognized that while political parties are a natural occurrence in democratic governance, they also have inherent flaws. Specifically, he argued that political parties could lead to polarization and a departure from genuine public deliberation in favor of partisan loyalty. This perception aligns with the idea that they are an "evil" inherent in free governance, as they can foster divisiveness and reduce the focus on collective welfare. Recognizing this tension, Tocqueville remained critical of how parties might distort democratic ideals, ultimately viewing them as a necessary but problematic component of political life. This perspective highlights the complexity surrounding the existence and function of political parties in a healthy democracy.